Neanderthal teeth from <scp>Lezetxiki (Arrasate, Iberian Peninsula</scp> ): New insights and reassessment

Objectives We reassess the taxonomic assignment and stratigraphic context of a permanent upper first molar lower third premolar recovered from archeological site Lezetxiki in North Iberian Peninsula. Materials Methods assessed external internal morphology teeth using qualitative descriptions, crown diameters, dental tissue proportions, geometric morphometrics. The were compared with Middle Pleistocene specimens, Neanderthals, Upper Paleolithic modern humans, recent humans. Results Both consistent Neanderthal classification. shows taurodontism, its cusp proportions overall match those Neanderthals. Geometric morphometric analyses occlusal anatomy classify this as posterior probability 76%. premolar, which was originally classified fourth also morphology. This is 60%. Discussion These represent only adult Western Pyrenees region found to date. at level (designated Level III) that marks transition Mousterian Aurignacian, are among most remains north